Ex Parte: Official Weblog of Harvard Federalist Society

Saturday, March 5, 2005

Extremists?


I am considering whether to submit this letter to The Record, HLS' student-run weekly newspaper, in response to this article. However, the author of the piece, Davina Carson, is also a Federalist Society member and I'm worried she'll be offended. So I'm posting it here in the meantime. Let me know what you think.

- - -

Dear Editor,

I write to question a small part of an otherwise fine article on the Federalist Society symposium that ran last week as the cover story. (Full disclosure: I helped to organize the symposium.) In the fourth paragraph, reporter Davina Carson twice refers to "extremists" participating in the conference. The use of this rather loaded term strikes me as odd for a presumably objective news piece.

The only explanation given for the use of this term was that Dr. Daniel Pipes argued that the profiling and detainment of Islamic men (he also specified that they be engaged in suspicious activity, though that wasn't mentioned in the article) was a price that our society was willing to pay. While I personally disagree with his position, I hardly think it's so far outside the mainstream of post-9/11 American political culture as to be "extreme" – perhaps in Cambridge, but not in much of the rest of the country.

Labeling choices aside, I also found this sentence puzzling: “But despite the extremists, the panels proved overall to be balanced, interesting, and well-organized.” I appreciate the compliments on the symposium, but I do wonder when and how extremists became the enemy of balance, interest and organization. I would hope they’d at least be interesting – there are few things worse than a boring extremist. Regardless, I am relieved to report that extremists, if present, posed no additional logistical challenges to the organization of the conference.

Sincerely,
Dan Alban
2L

Related Posts (on one page):

  1. What's in a word?
  2. Extremists?
The Comics Pages Battlefield


I get my daily comics fix online, but have often followed the disappearance and reappearance of politically-themed comics like Mallard Fillmore and Doonesbury. The Ombudsgod has a good post today about some recent happenings, such as the Chicago Tribune's decision to suspend two days of Boondocks that asserted as fact that President Bush admitted to smoking marijuana. The post also takes note of an op-ed here in Boston that I somehow missed:
In other comic strip-related news, ombudsman Christine Chinlund is campaigning to replace the Boston Globe’s token conservative strip, Mallard Fillmore, with Prickly City, now that “Mallard, which runs in nearly 400 papers and is the dominant conservative strip, is no longer the only choice.”
The standard Ms. Chinlund seeks to apply is familiar -- when one outright-conservative viewpoint is spouted, it should be replaced by a more "balanced" viewpoint that includes left-right debate. But nothing needs to be done about strips like Boondocks (and other, subtler comics) that run a consistently left-wing view day after day after day.
Could This Be True?


Updated below: At least half-true, but somewhat out-of-context.


Like other level-headed bloggers like John Hinderaker, I have some doubts. It's not impossible - the mainstream media would never have reported this story, and after Davos, many bloggers were wrapped up in the outrage over Eason Jordan's remarks. But the quoted comments would be unusually reckless from a former President who is usually careful with his words and supportive of the United States when he speaks to overseas audiences. In Arab News, the Saudi English-language daily, Amir Taheri reports that President Clinton "feels ideologically most at home" in Iran:

Here is what Clinton said at a meeting on the margins of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, just a few weeks ago: “Iran today is, in a sense, the only country where progressive ideas enjoy a vast constituency. It is there that the ideas that I subscribe to are defended by a majority.”

And here is what Clinton had to say in a recent television interview with Charlie Rose:

“Iran is [Majordomo's note: "Iran is" appears to paraphrase the words used in the transcript below] the only country in the world that has now had six elections since the first election of President Khatami (in 1997). (It is) the only one with elections, including the United States, including Israel, including you name it, where the liberals, or the progressives, have won two-thirds to 70 percent of the vote in six elections: Two for president; two for the Parliament, the Majlis; two for the mayoralties. In every single election, the guys I identify with got two-thirds to 70 percent of the vote. There is no other country in the world I can say that about, certainly not my own.”

...

Not surprisingly, Clinton’s utterances have been seized upon by the state-controlled media in Tehran as a means of countering President George W. Bush’s claim that the Islamic Republic is a tyranny that oppresses the Iranians and threatens the stability of the region.
I hope this isn't true. Or is actually some clever cover story to provide Senator Clinton with the opportunity to finally kick him out of their marriage. But if it is, President Clinton has some explaining to do.

Update: The full Charlie Rose transcript, from Jan. 27, is available on Nexis. Here's the passage quoted above in context:

I think that President Bush has done, so far, the right thing by not taking the military option off the table, but not pushing it too much. I didn't like the story that looked like the military option had been elevated above a diplomatic option.

But Iran is the most perplexing problem, in a way, that we face today, for the following reasons.

It's the only country in the world with two governments, and the only country in the world that has now had six elections since the first election of President Khatami, the only one with elections — including the United States, including Israel, including you-name-it — it is the only country where the liberals, or the progressives, have won two-thirds to 70 percent of the vote in six elections: two for president, two for the parliament, the Majiles, two for the mayoralities.

In every single election, the guys I identify with got two-thirds to 70 percent of the vote. There is no other country in the world I can say that about, certainly not my own.

(LAUGHTER)

ROSE: But, are those guys that are in power, or is it power held by another party?

CLINTON: Here's the problem: under their constitution, the religious council, headed by the Ayatollah Khamenei, has the authority over intelligence funding, terrorism funding, and has the power to invalidate laws and scratch candidates from the candidate list.

So the people that represent the 30 percent to a third, can negate much of what this two-thirds or 70 percent want. And the president is in the middle getting whip-sawed, and the people underneath him, supporting him, get more and more disillusioned.

Now, they still kind of like the West, in general, and America, in particular, because we don't represent what they don't like about the governing of Iran since Ayatollah Khomeini.

What no one can answer is: Number one, how would those two- thirds react if some military action were taken?

ROSE: What's your guess?

CLINTON: It depends on what it is. But, I mean, there may not be — everybody talks about what the Israelis did at Osiraq, in 1981, which, I think, in retrospect, was a really good thing. You know, it kept Saddam from developing nuclear power.

But they had that available. It's not clear to me that that option is available in Iran.

And it's not clear to me that, if we did a lot more than that and a lot of civilians got killed, that you wouldn't lose the two-thirds you've got.
I haven't been able to find his other comments on Nexis, but this makes clear that, while President Clinton should have paid more attention to the potential for his comments to be misrepresented, what he was saying isn't as bad as it looks at first glance. I still agree with Mr. Taheri's discussion of the "apology" President Clinton makes much of — the context makes it appear that was a diplomatic strategem, but harping on it now can only provide fuel to the mullahs. His discussion of the apology in the transcript (immediately before the above-quoted remarks):
Iran's a whole different kettle of fish. It's a sad story that really began in the 1950s, when the United States deposed Mr. Mossadegh, who was an elected parliamentary democrat, and brought the Shah back in...

ROSE: The CIA.

CLINTON: And then he was overturned by the Ayatollah Khomeini, driving us into the arms of one Saddam Hussein.

And most of the terrible things Saddam Hussein did in the 1980s he did with the full knowing support of the United States government, because he wasn't Iran. And Iran was what it was, because we got rid of their parliamentary democracy back in the '50s.

At least that's my belief. I know it's not popular for an American ever to say anything like this, but I think it's true.

(APPLAUSE)

And I apologized when President Khatami was elected. I publicly acknowledged that the United States had actively overthrown Mossadegh, and I apologized for it. And I hoped that we could have some rapprochement with Iran.

I think basically the Europeans' initiative to Iran to try to figure out a way to defuse the nuclear crisis is a good one.
Draw your own conclusions.

Thursday, March 3, 2005

A Massachusetts Hero


I'm often critical of Massachusetts and the attitudes of its residents towards taxation, regulation, the role of courts, foreign policy, and the nation as a whole. But America is a great country, one in which our federal system provides opportunities and inspiration to those in all of its states. America's promise and potential are realized not only when a person like Judge Gonzales rises from a house with no telephone to become Attorney General, but when someone like Staff Sergeant Steve Reichert rises from a state like Massachusetts to become an American hero. After learning target shooting at the Medfield Sportsman's Club, Staff Sgt. Reichert joined the Marines at age 19 and became a scout sniper. Last April, his patrol entered Lutafiyah, Iraq, where he stationed himself atop an oil tank. The Globe describes what happened next:
As the patrol moved toward the town, Reichert said, he saw the usual debris littering the road. But a strange reflection around a dead animal in front of the patrol's path drew the eyes of Reichert's spotter, Corporal Winston Tucker.

Improvised explosive devices, the roadside bombs that are killing many American troops, are often disguised. So Reichert radioed his patrol leader, who radioed back shortly later, confirming two thin wires leading from the dead dog.

''They'll put them in anything that looks normal," Reichert said in a phone interview from Camp Lejeune, N.C.

Thirty minutes later, a rocket-propelled grenade was fired at the patrol followed by shots from a machine gun and small arms. Scanning a puzzle of rooftops, Tucker finally saw a man firing an AK-47 at the Marines.

With little time to calculate an accurate wind speed, Reichert took his best guess, aimed, and fired, hitting his target on his second shot from what was later found to be 1,614 meters away, more than a mile. Marine officials later said Reichert's accuracy was a deciding factor in the outcome of the firefight. Still, it wasn't over.

Reichert's spotter saw three men climbing some stairs before ducking behind a brick wall. Reichert quickly calculated the range and fired through the brick. All three dropped.

Three more men, one with a weapon slung on his back, were seen climbing on top of a building near two Marines who had become separated from their patrol. Reichert fired, the enemy turned back, and the Marines rejoined their squad.
Sgt. Reichert received the Bronze Star for his actions. And while the medal may not be important to him (there's lots of luck involved, he notes modestly), his story highlights one reason why we award these honors: to help make other people pay attention.

Wednesday, March 2, 2005

Van Orden Arguments


I missed the mooting of the Ten Commandments cases held here a few weeks ago -- from what I understand, some of Prof. Fallon's questioning was particularly rough for the presenters, who were the challengers to the Ten Commandments displays. At the time, one of the surprises seemed to be that the challengers had a more difficult time making headway in Van Orden (the stone monument on the TX capitol grounds) than in McCreary County (the Ten Commandments displayed amidst other decorations). The oral arguments recap over at SCOTUSblog suggests the same pattern may have prevailed today:
The monument on Texas' state capitol grounds seemed relatively unscathed during the hearing in the Van Orden case. One of its principal defenders, it seemed, was Justice Anthony M. Kennedy - potentially, another "swing voter" if the Court is closely divided on that case. He suggested several times that the monument's challenger, Duke law professor Erwin Chemerinsky, was arguing too broadly against government accommodation of religion...

[Meanwhile, ]most of the Justices appeared troubled by the vividly religious intention of county officials in displaying the Commandments on courthouse walls in McCreary and Pulaski Counties.
We can only hope that international law has little to say about this issue.

(Full disclosure: SCOTUSblog contributor Stephen Shackleford sits at the computer I'm currently working at when I do not).
Is President Bush unconstitutional?


If Justice Kennedy's opinion in Roper heralds an era in which that which is contrary to international public opinion is also contrary to the U.S. Constitution, perhaps President Bush's reelection, in defiance of the great weight of international public opinion, is also unconstitutional.

Good thing no one suggested this to Justice Kennedy back when Bush v. Gore was up for decision.

Thanks to Greg Skidmore for suggesting this possibility.
Federalist Society Oscar Pool RESULTS!


Thanks to those who competed in my 7th Annual Oscar Pool! Sorry to get the results up late (preliminary results were available on Monday morning in the comments section of my previous post) but I've been under the weather the past few days.

There were 57 entrants in the pool. The highest score was 21/24 correct picks and the lowest was 4/24. The peak of the curve was 9-10-11.

My younger brother, David Alban, who works out of Denver as a flight attendant for SkyWest Airlines, won the competition with 21/24 correct picks, besting nearly three dozen HLS students and professors.


Here are the Federalist rankings:

1. (tie) Emily Howard and Krista Carver - 20/24 correct
2. Dan Alban - 19/24
3. Eric Soskin - 12/24

Danny Booth, Cassie Welch - 11/24

Ted Bosquez, Jesse Pannucio, Tracy Dodds - 10/24

Kevin Plummer, Emily Zimmer, Steve Mohr, Gordon Wittick - 9/24

Pat Bumatay, Tessa Platt - 8/24

Lori Halstead - 7/24


Other notable HLS participants:
Prof. Charles Ogletree - 16/24
Prof. Jonathan Zittrain - 10/24


Draw your own conclusions about the capabilities of Federalists as prognosticators. Thanks for playing!
Freedom on the March


Like others in the center-right blogosphere, I've been electrified by the events in Lebanon, Syria, etc. And while CNN may have been clueless in its coverage a few days ago, bloggers who still read the New York Times pointed out that the Gray Lady is giving events their due (although Captain Ed's critique of their editorial is a good one.

While our support for the opponents of oppression in all these places should be robust and we should celebrate their successes, we also need to bear in mind that this is "the concentrated work of generations." While the seeds of freedom sprout quickly in people's hearts, the roots of democracy take decades or longer to become established in the depleted soil left behind by tyranny. There will be setbacks and mistakes, and undoubtedly, terrorists are even now planning their next strike.

If you believe, as I think is reasonable, that the staying power the U.S. has demonstrated in Iraq has something to do with this, that's a sobering thought. Because if killing American service members is no longer a way to get us to go home, and if killing Iraqis only inspires demonstrations, I think it's likely that the day when the terrorists return to America (correction: American targets - as Dr. Pipes accurately pointed out, they've never left) has been hastened.
More thoughts from Justice Kennedy


Rereading the transcript from the Roper oral arguments, Kennedy foreshadowed his reckless grant of controlling authority to international law:
JUSTICE KENNEDY: Let -- let's focus on the word unusual. Forget cruel for the moment, although they're both obviously involved. We've seen very substantial demonstration that world opinion is -- is against this, at least as interpreted by the leaders of the European Union. Does that have a bearing on what's unusual? Suppose it were shown that the United States were one of the very, very few countries that executed juveniles, and that's true. Does that have a bearing on whether or not it's unusual?
For Justice Kennedy, that was apparently enough to overrule his discomfort with some of the other factors eventually cited in his opinion:
JUSTICE KENNEDY: [The American Psychological Association] came to us in Hodgson v. Minnesota, as I think the State quite correctly points out, and said that with reference to theage for determining whether the child could have an abortion without parental consent, that adults -- that they -- that they were risk -- that they could assess risk, that they had rational capacity, and they completely flip-flop in this case.
Justice Scalia made much of this in his convincing dissent, which even cites Justice O'Connor at significant length.

I find Justice Kennedy's capture by the forces of international opinion most troublesome in its implications for future terrorism cases. As I mentioned after hearing Professors Heymann and Dershowitz in Panels 5 and 6 of the Symposium, they see agreement in the subjective opinion of other nations as sufficient to create international law that's binding on the United States. To be fair, Prof. Heymann primarily articulated this as a binding canon of statutory interpretation for treaties signed by the United States. Given the number of international agreements to which the U.S. is committed in one form or another (see, e.g., the reference to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of
the Child
, cited in Justice Scalia's dissent), that still leaves broad room to operate. And Prof. Dershowitz's arguments do go further, because much of his discussion of the legality of pre-emption took place in a context divorced from treaties and their signatories.

Related Posts (on one page):

  1. More thoughts from Justice Kennedy

Monday, February 28, 2005

Summers Opposition and the Business Model of Higher Education: Should Faculty Be Employees?


Posner this week discusses the Summers controversy as it relates to the larger issue of university governance. The opposition to Summers has come from professors in many departments. Posner rejects their case, saying:

Universities are increasingly complex enterprises. Harvard has a multibillion-dollar annual budget. It is ludicrous for English professors to think they have a useful contribution to make to decisions involving budgetary allocations, building programs, government relations, patent policy, investment decisions, and other key dimensions of modern university governance. They are in no position to balance Summers's strengths in these areas with what they consider his weaknesses in relations with faculties, or his ideological views that they find offensive.


Though I largely agree with his reasoning, he goes on to state that he "would like to see faculty think of themselves as employees and leave governance to the university's president." I take exception to the first half of this comment.

It seems that it should be possible for separate spheres to exist—one of teaching and scholarship and one of management. The division of these spheres should be respected on both sides—but it hasn't been.

As "ludicrous" as it is for humanities professors to analyze patent policy or investment decisions, it is just as "ludicrous" for a university President and economist to criticize the work of an Afro-American studies professor.

An article from The Economist three years ago describes the row between Summers and Cornel West:
Mr West's alleged sins included recording a rap CD, leading a political committee for Al Sharpton's possible presidential campaign, writing books more likely to be reviewed in The New York Times than in academic journals and allowing grade inflation.


(Posner refers to Summers as having "the temerity to challenge the absenteeism of a prominent faculty member, Cornel West, who as a result resigned in a huff." I haven't studied the situation in enough depth to know whether it was absenteeism or rapping that was at issue, but for the sake of the argument that follows, let's assume the latter.)

Being a university professor means contributing to the field—on the terms of that field. Some of my undergraduate theater professors wrote deeply researched and scholarly books. Others did not, they only directed plays—would Summers rebuke them? If West's work was worthy of rebuke it should come from others in his field. Rapping is a feature of African-American culture, thus releasing a rap CD is arguably a legitimate endeavor for an Afro-American studies professor.

Professors should, on matters of scholarship, be held accountable to those best able to hold them accountable, i.e. others in the field—this idea is the basis for peer-reviewed journals. Let psychologists judge psychologists, let artists judge artists and let Larry Summers judge the state of Harvard's finances. What I am proposing is that the differing duties of faculty and administrators be respected by both and that each group place some faith in the other and allow a measure of independence.

So why should professors not think of themselves as "employees" of universities? Because the term carries with it connotations of hierarchy and duty that do not and should not exist between administrators and faculty. "Employees" take orders from their "Bosses." (Did any of you at the symposium banquet detect a tinge of irony when Dean Kagan referred to Summers as her "boss"? Certainly he has more power than she, but their relationship is surely more complex than an employee faithfully taking orders from her boss.) For the reasons I discussed above, professors should not be in the position to be dominated by university administrators. As the latest issue of The Economist relates in an article on the business of education,
A non-profit university exists, ultimately, so that its members can teach, think and learn. Making them into "staff"—mere shopfloor workers on an academic production line—risks losing the ethos which has given universities their character and value.


Furthermore, the business mode of higher education, if it turns professors into employees, turns students into customers. Though we pay for our education, the relationship between the student and the university should not be allowed to devolve into one of buyer and seller. Universities are not department stores of information but centers of learning, culture and growth.

So while I agree with Posner that faculty should stay out of university governance, I further believe that administrators should not micro-manage faculty.

Related Posts (on one page):

  1. Unbelievable
  2. Summers = Clinton?
  3. More on University Governance
  4. Summers Opposition and the Business Model of Higher Education: Should Faculty Be Employees?
  5. President Summers: Not Out of Trouble Yet
  6. A quick remark
Subtle Liberal Media Bias


While maybe I shouldn't be surprised, I could hardly believe my eyes and ears when Wolf Blitzer ran a segment about the homicide bombing in Iraq today in the #1 slot, ahead of a segment about the surpise resignation of the Lebanese government and the popular protests of the Lebanese people against continued Syrian influence in their country.
No one can deny that the attack in Iraq today was horrific and that an enormous number of brave Iraqis signing up to be police officers and soldiers gave their lives. However, can anyone seriously suggest that this particular bombing will have a greater effect on the future of the Middle East and the success or failure of America's foreign policy than will a popular Arab and Christian uprising that has forced a puppet government of a terror-sponsoring dictatorial regime to resign?
Freedom is always a stronger message and more contagious than violence. The consequences of the events in Beirut's martyr Sqaure will remain with us far longer than will the awful attack in Hila, Iraq. If CNN can't figure that out, it should be ashamed to call itself a news network. If, like anyone with some small speck of common sense, CNN understands the relative importance on each event and still chose to lead with the Iraq attack story, it should just be ashamed.
Topics that are "off-limits"


As Tom Hart chronicled in the comments to Panel 2, a questioner this weekend asked whether liberals assume "there are more issues that can't be talked about" than conservatives.

To wit, from the "Letters" section of this week's Sunday Boston Globe Magazine:
The magazine reached a new low in printing "Agonizing Issues" (January 30). Some topics do not have two sides. Torture, like genocied and slavery, can never be justified.
Estelle F. Regolsky, Roslindale
Yep.
On Chris Rock, Part I


I have yet to make the rounds of either the MSM or the blogosphere to read reactions to last night's Academy Awards, and, specifically, Chris Rock's opening monologue. I suspect many center-right and right bloggers probably tuned out when Rock earned the cheers of the audience (including such political heavyweights as Tim Robbins and Warren Beatty) for his humor about the difficulties President Bush faced in reelection.

I want to make three points in this post.

1. Chris Rock was funny. Darn funny. So I can excuse his politics.

2. Measured against the partisan debate that we've had in this country, Rock's jokes about President Bush were not mean-spirited, and were not significantly based on a false predicate. Moreover, unlike many other folks I can imagine, Rock's jokes were backwards-looking: they focused on the election, not on the policy debates ahead.

In fact, since almost every partisan liberal Democrat in America watched, laughed, and said "right, on" to Chris Rock last night, conservatives and Republicans have a great opportunity to leverage Rock's monologue and score some devastating points in response to other charges that Democrats are always leveling.

For example, the next time you hear someone say "Everything President Bush does is for political purposes," or "Bush is Karl Rove's puppet - Rove says 'cut taxes to get votes', and he does it," you can respond, for example, "come on, didn't you hear Chris Rock at the Academy Awards? Everyone knows that if you run up a deficit at the Gap, you'll be fired. And if you run up a deficit while you're President, it'll be harder, not easier, to be reelected."

The deeper point, however, which fairly underlies the President Bush/a worker at the Gap comparison is that the jobs are totally different. That's why Rock's monologue was actually funny, as compared to the things that Whoopi Goldberg or Paul Krugman (wait, he's not a Hollywood celebrity, he just thinks he is) might say in front of a group of political supporters. Of course you'd get fired if you worked at the Gap and started a war with Banana Republic. You'd get fired even if they did have toxic tank-tops. We simply evaluate Presidents differently, because we're looking for different qualities.

Even in peacetime, we're looking for proactive leaders, ones who act in accordance with what they believe, not ones who act according to what polls (in other words, the beliefs of their boss, the American people) tell them to do. And we want someone who can operate where decisions are less clear-cut, more filled with uncertainty, and complicated along more dimensions than those made by a cashier at the Gap.

That's the other reason why the jokes about how "President Bush is dumb" are far more corrosive than jokes about the deficit -- not only are they false (and fortunately for President Bush, most people in America now recognize this), they're directed at the competence of our leadership to make these decisions. It's interesting - a standup comic like Chris Rock probably has a much better understanding of why a tendency to stumble in impromptu speaking is not the same as being "stupid" than his audience of script-based actors.

There is a third point - linking the rest of Chris Rock's monologue with Panel 2 of the Symposium, but that will have to wait until after 2005 Paul M. Bator Award winner Professor Ernie Young's Federal Courts class.

Sunday, February 27, 2005

Summary of the 24th Annual Federalist Society Student Symposium


As the hundreds of Federalists return to their various schools and begin to ruminate on what they heard here at Harvard this weekend, below is a link-filled synopsis of the weekend to spark their discussions:


Miscellaneous Symposium Information

Panel 1 - What is Freedom

Panel 2 - Freedom and Identity

Panel 3 - Freedom and Virtue

Panel 4 - Freedom and Security

Panel 5 - Freedom and Intelligence

Panel 6 - Freedom and Preemption

Symposium Banquet and Keynote


I hope that everyone who attended the symposium enjoyed themselves this weekend. Many thanks to Gene Meyer, Leonard Leo, Peter Redpath, and everyone else at the national Federalist Society office, as well as to Dean Kagan, Dean Cosgrove, and the large number of people behind the scenes here at Harvard - all of whom, in various ways, helped our chapter host this successful event.
Tacitus Returns


Tacitus, in my opinion one of the finer blogs out there, has returned with a new site design.
Can Federalists Predict the Oscars?


Federalists pride themselves on having a firm grasp on reality and a keen understanding of how the world really works. Federalists can see through the haze and predict the success of political strategies or the outcomes of governmental policies years in advance. So what better way to demonstrate this quality than to participate in my Oscar pool? (Don't answer that.)

Those interested in entering my 7th Annual Oscar Pool (no cash, just glory) can enter their picks here. Please put your full name in the name field or I won't know whose ballot I'm receiving in my inbox (the emails come from the website server, not your email address.) Also, please get your picks in no later than 6pm EST today - I have to print all the ballots before the show begins. If I get a critical mass of Federalist participants, I will post results on Ex Parte.
Bush, Rumsfeld, Spears win Razzies


The Razzies, a long-running spoof of the Oscar awards, were awarded yesterday in Hollywood. They were chosen by about 675 voters worldwide (before you scoff at the number, note that the Golden Globes are selected by a little over 80 journalists in the Hollywood Foreign Press Association).

"President Bush won the worst-actor award for his appearance in news and archival footage of Michael Moore's satiric documentary "Fahrenheit 9/11." Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld was voted worst supporting-actor for "Fahrenheit 9/11," while Britney Spears' fleeting cameo in the documentary brought her the worst supporting-actress award.

Razzies founder John Wilson said the prizes were not meant to mock Moore's film, only the statements Bush and the others make while "putting their highly paid, highly skilled feet in their mouths repeatedly and sucking on them."